On completion of this module, you will be able to:

• Understand what is Intigrated Circuit ?
• Understand Construction of monolithic bipolar transistor, Diode, Registors, Capacitors and Inductors

Definition–

• The"Integrated Circuit" or IC is a miniature, low cost electronic circuit consisting of active and passive component that are irreparably joined together on a single crystal chip of silicon.
• An integrated circuit or IC, is a complete electronic circuit contained in one package. This package often includes transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors along with the connecting wiring and terminals. An IC is also called a chip.

• Depending upon the number of transistors in an IC or Chip, the ICs are categorized into five types given below:-
  1. Small Scale Integration (SSI) Up to 100 transistors incorporated in a single IC chip
  2. Medium Scale Integration(MSI) From 100 to 1000 transistors incorporated in a single IC chip
  3. Large Scale Integration(LSI) From 1000 to 20K transistors incorporated in a single IC chip
  4. Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) FROM 20K to 1000000 transistors incorporated in a single IC chip
  5. Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) From 10,00,000 to 1,00,00,000 transistors incorporated in a single IC chip

Advantages of ICs over discrete components–

• Low Cost
• Higher Switchning Speed
• Low Power Consumption
• High Component density
• Light Weight
• Easy Replacement
• High Reliability

Disadvantages of ICs over discrete components–

• Some component cannot be fabricated
• Large amount of current and voltage cannot be handled
• The power rating for most of the IC,s does not exceed more than 10 wats. Thus it is not possible to manufacture high power IC,s

Fabrication of Monolithic ICs–

• Silicon wafer(substrate) preparation
• Epitaxial Growth
• Oxidation
• Photolithography Process
• Diffusion
• Ion Implantation
• Isolation Technique
• Metallization
• Assembly processing and packaging